What is difference between lifi and wifi?

In wifi, modulated signal is radio wave where as life modulated signal is light. It is visible electromagnetic spectrum and has higher bandwidth than wifi but has Line of sight limitation.

  

LiFi, The Next Generation of Wifi : Its Send Data via Light

LiFi ilustration
A study produced a technology called Light Fidelity or LiFi promises faster transfer speeds than WiFi and LiFi likely to replace in the future.

WiFi or Wireless Fidelity ears are probably already familiar to computer users. WiFi is also often referred to as WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) that uses radio waves to frekuensi2, 4GHz using the IEEE 802.11 standard.

Recently, researchers have developed UniversitasEdinburg wireless networks or wireless systems capable of producing speeds up to 130mbps transfer using light technology.

The technology called LiFi (LightFidelity) using LED (Light Emiting Diode) to transmit data kepenerima with changes in the intensity of light is so fast that he could not be seen by the human eye.

A physicist and a professor of German, Harald Haas through the projects of the company's Pure VLC smartlighting developed methods that allow light is used to transmit and receive data that can reach speeds up to 50 Mbps.

At present it must be admitted that the data transfer speed of Light Fidelity technology is not yet able to beat the speed of data transfer standard Wireles Fidelity last generation.

Harald Haas, adding that he and his team continue to strive to develop LiFi system in the laboratory to produce a unit speed up to gigabits per second.

As reported by ArsTechnica, LiFi has several advantages such as broad-spectrum transmission and 10,000 from the broader-based wireless fidelity radio waves. LiFi also capable of providing wireless connectivity at home or dikamar without fear of leakage signals.

What Is Lifi? Why we Use?

LiFi is a new way to establish wireless communication links using the Led lighting networks. The LiFi protocols are defined by the international standard IEEE 802.15 established since 2011 by the IEEE comity. This is the same comity that has defined previously the Ethernet 802.3 and WiFi 802.11 standards. For numerous specialists, LiFi is a major breakthrough technology for the mobile Internet community and for the connected objects domain.
After more than 4 years of scientific research at the University of Versailles, OLEDCOMM is the first European company that start to commercialize LiFi communication solutions a worldwide level.
When the lighting networks become wireless communication networks
The world of Lighting companies experiences a true revolution with the development of Led lighting devices. With reduced energy consumption and a longer liftime, Leds appear as a solution that cannot be overlooked to face up to the challenge of the CO2 emission reduction at the worldwide scale. The sale of Leds Lighting units knows an impressive increase these last years.
Ten times higher data rates compared to WiFi
Leds are different from the other kinds of lamps because they are semiconductors. This characteristic gives them the capability to switch-on and off within few nanoseconds or billionth of a second. Converted in terms of data rates, this corresponds to 1 Gbits/s. In order to compare, at best WiFi can reach 100 Mbits/s data rates and so 10 times lower. 
Worldwide Economic and Green Impact
Thanks to the LiFi technology, the 14 billion lamps in the world will become gradually green mobile internet masts that will permit to respond to the impressive increasing demand of mobile conectivity. Also, this will allow reducing the electromagnetic pollution generated by the numerous radio wave solutions developed until now. 

VMware Showcases Cloud Management Solutions at VMworld

In the IT industry there's always someone, somewhere holding a convention: most recently it was VMware (again) hosting its VMworld 2013 event, this time in Barcelona. And when it comes to conventions, there are few finer places in the world to hold one than the Catalan capital — home city of Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Lionel Messi and delicious tapas.
It's against this splendid backdrop that VMware has made a raft of announcements about new and upgraded products to keep its customers happy. Virtually SpeakingThere's another backdrop too, according to Martin Klaus, VMware's Group Product Line Marketing Manager.
"The backdrop for our announcements is the emergence of public clouds like Amazon, software-as-a-service (SaaS) offerings like Salesforce.com, social media, and easy access to IT," Klaus says. "IT departments are looking to become brokers of services, and VMware is trying to facilitate that by evolving from a virtualization provider to a cloud management provider."
It's not surprising that this is the VMware line, given that Hyper-V, Xen and KVM all do a perfectly respectable job in the server virtualization hypervisor department. That means that plain vanilla server virtualization is now officially boring, as far as VMware is concerned. Software-defined data centers (SDDCs) and cloud management systems, on the other hand, are where the company believes the action is.
40 Ways to Make Your Data Center More Efficient
OK, so down to business. VMware made three main product announcements in Barcelona, and they are all about cloud management:
  1. Cloud Automation: VMware vCloud Automation Center 6.0 (upgrade)
  2. Cloud Operations: VMware vCenter Operations Management Suite 5.8 and VMware vCenter Log Insight 1.5 (upgrade)
  3. Cloud Business: VMware IT Business Management Suite 1.0 Standard Edition (new) , VMware IT Business Management Suite 8.0 Advanced and Enterprise (upgrade)
So what exactly is new? Here are some of the highlights:
vCloud Automation Center 6.0:
  • Self-service catalogs providing a centralized approval and entitlement mechanism for infrastructure, application and other types of IT services. Visibility into the cost of VMs and the utilization of shared resources across internal infrastructure and public IaaS is also provided.
  • Anything-as-a-Service (XaaS) capabilities promise to allow IT departments to create "any" IT service, such as storage-as-a-service or backup-as-a-service.
  • Support for vCloud Hybrid Service and Red Hat OpenStack has been added, as has back-end support for Amazon, Azure and Hyper-V as well as VMware's vSphere.
vCenter Operations 5.8
  • vCenter Operations' analytics have been extended to include the monitoring of Microsoft Exchange and Microsoft SQL Server, and also to provide visibility into more vendors' storage systems through three supported APIs.
  • The software additionally now provides broader unified management capabilities with support for Hyper-V and Amazon's AWS public cloud.
IT Business Management Suite 1 Standard Edition
This is a new product that's aimed at the infrastructure team rather than the CIO or CFO, according to Klaus. Its aim is to make it easier to compare the cost of providing a given application at a given QoS level when implemented in-house in a private cloud, or hosted on Amazon or Azure public clouds.
"It will auto-generate a rate card, taking into account all the costs for the QoS you need, so you can make an apples-to-apples comparison of your cost with public cloud providers'," says Klaus. He expects that it will show that public clouds provide far lower savings levels than many infrastructure team leaders may imagine.
The obvious omission here is of VMware public cloud providers in the comparison charts, and it's one that must be galling to them given their support for VMware technologies. But Klaus says that adding support for them is "on the roadmap" and will happen at some point in the future. "But Azure and Amazon is where the action is at the moment," Klaus adds.
And that just about wraps up the key product news, except to point out that they are announcements and not product launches — expect the new software to ship some time before the end of the year.
So for those lucky enough to be in Barcelona, it's back to the delicious tapas…

Paul Rubens is a technology journalist and contributor to ServerWatch, EnterpriseNetworkingPlanet and EnterpriseMobileToday. He has also covered technology for international newspapers and magazines including The Economist and The Financial Times since 1991.

Twitter users make headlines as tweets 'turn everyone into reporters'

Twitter has transformed the media industry and turned ordinary members of the public into reporters, one of the social networking site's top bosses told a conference in the UAE capital on Wednesday.

Speaking at the Abu Dhabi Media Summit, Shailesh Rao, Twitter’s vice president in Asia Pacific, Latin America and emerging markets, said: “Traditionally, it was through mainstream media that people received information. Today it’s different and it seems like everyone is doing it. Tweets, or visualisation through tweets, inform people about what is happening.
“Everyone with a computer, smartphone or any other gadget can send tweets and pictures of what is going on across the globe.”
  1. Twitter has transformed the media industry and turned ordinary members of the public into reporters according to one of the social network's bosses
    Twitter has transformed the media industry and turned ordinary members of the public into reporters according to one of the social network's bosses
The social networking expert was giving a speech on how conversation media and Twitter play a major role in disseminating information.
“Twitter users have the power to dictate what stories spread through discussion, retweets and favourites,” he said adding that the reader is no longer a passive recipient of news but also participates in reporting or pursuing news deemed to be of interest. Mainstream media such as 7DAYS, according to Rao, can also use Twitter as a powerful tool to draw audiences to their news websites, using a tweet that includes links to stories with greater depth than a 140-character tweet could ever offer.
He noted that it is necessary for traditional media outlets to pay fresh attention to what content is successful, as well as providing new ways of measuring success to compete in the digital era.

iPhone 5/S vs. Samsung Galaxy S4 Comparison: Best Buy Offering $100 Off Deal for Smartphones; LG G2, Moto X, Note 3 Too

Best Buy is cutting $100 off the cost of several top smartphones as part of a new limited-edition offer.
Smartphone consumers can head over to a Best Buy store to pick up an iPhone 5S for $99 on contract (AT&T, Sprint and Verizon only) and a Galaxy Note 3 for $199 without having to trade in old devices. The retailer is also selling the LG G2, Moto X and Samsung Galaxy S4 for $100 off. The deal only covers customers signing new contracts, however, so if you're simply looking to upgrade, you would still have to pay the regular price for these smartphones. Most of the deals are available online and there are plenty of other smartphone options as part of the offer to choose from.
Here are the official prices of the aforementioned smartphones:
-iPhone 5S - $99
-Galaxy Note 3 - $199
-LG G2 - $99
-Galaxy S4 -$99
-Moto X - $99
Apple has taken over the top spot for US smartphone sales in September, according to new data from Counterpoint Research provided to theGuardian.
The Cupertino-based company passed Samsung thanks to the new iPhone 5S and 5C, despite the smartphones' 10-day availability for purchase in the month. Apple's 4.8 million iPhones sold during September accounted for 38 percent of the US smartphone market, which dropped Samsung out of the top spot for the first time since May.
The new iPhones sandwiched the Samsung Galaxy S4, as the 5S led individual sales and the colorful 5C finished third.
According to Counterpoint's data, the rest of the Android sellers did not fare well. LG reported sales of under 10 percent despite the launch of its G2 model, Motorola claimed 5 percent and HTC finished with about 3 percent. Nokia was below HTC, suggesting it sold fewer than 400,000 smartphones in the US in September.
Samsung and Apple have controlled the share of smartphones sold since April, accounting for a combined 41.9 million smartphones sold, or about 61 percent of the market. Samsung individually sold 23.4 million phones during the period, which beat the 18.5 million reported for Apple.
Galaxy S4 vs. iPhone 5 Comparison
The Samsung Galaxy S4 and the iPhone 5 battle has been one of the more memorable smartphone comparisons for smartphone users in recent years. Each device has its own fanatics and critics, and while the average smartphone user doesn't understand the complicated technolgy behind each device, they are adamant on which phone provides a better experience for them.
The iPhone 5 has been lauded for its smooth operating system right out of the box, but the Galaxy S4's advanced Android OS allows the user to personalize their experience. These are two of the most significant differences between these devices, which also shed a bit of light on the type of user that owns each smartphone.
However, one considerable factor consumers may want to consider when deciding between the smartphones is the cost it takes to build each model-which trickles down to your pockets during purchase.
Samsung's Galaxy S4 is all the rage these days, but its Apple competitor, the iPhone 5, may still have a leg up on its smartphone counterpart in at least one category: the iPhone is a cheaper model to make.
An estimate by HIS iSuppli suggests quite a difference in prices between the two mobile phones. This, of course, means Apple will have more profit and, as a result, more money available from the smartphone business for innovation, marketing, support and price competition.
According to the His iSuppli estimation, the Apple iPhone 5 with 16GB of storage costs $196 to manufacture (for the lowest-end model), including materials. The cost for the 32GB version is estimated at $217, while the 64GB version runs $238.
Samsung Galaxy S4 estimates to cost $244 for the 16GB model at the high-speed packet access version (a 4G mobile standard), with $236 going for materials and $8.50 for manufacturing. That means the S4 roughly $48 more per unit to make than the equivalent iPhone. The LTE version of the S4, with 16GB, is $3 cheaper.
"Although [the S4's] hardware is not radically different from the Galaxy S III introduced in April of 2012, the Samsung Galaxy S4 includes some critical component updates that enhance its functionality as well as its BOM cost," said Vincent Leung, senior analyst for cost benchmarking at IHS, in a statement. "Among the upgrades are a larger, full high-definition display; a beefed-up Samsung processor; and a wealth of new sensors that set a record high for the number of such devices in a smartphone design."
According to the His iSuppli estimation, the Apple iPhone 5 with 16GB of storage costs $196 to manufacture (for the lowest-end model), including materials. The cost for the 32GB version is estimated at $217, while the 64GB version runs $238.
Samsung Galaxy S4 estimates to cost $244 for the 16GB model at the high-speed packet access version (a 4G mobile standard), with $236 going for materials and $8.50 for manufacturing. That means the S4 roughly $48 more per unit to make than the equivalent iPhone. The LTE version of the S4, with 16GB, is $3 cheaper.
"Although [the S4's] hardware is not radically different from the Galaxy S III introduced in April of 2012, the Samsung Galaxy S4 includes some critical component updates that enhance its functionality as well as its BOM cost," said Vincent Leung, senior analyst for cost benchmarking at IHS, in a statement. "Among the upgrades are a larger, full high-definition display; a beefed-up Samsung processor; and a wealth of new sensors that set a record high for the number of such devices in a smartphone design."

iPad Air, Sony Vaio Tap 11, Sharp Mebius Pad Price, Specs, Reviews: Some Of The Best Tablets In Markets And Around The Corner, How Do They Compare?

'Tis the season for new tablets! With some of the best ones rolling out into markets this season, what can we expect? Here we have a comparison between the iPad Air, Sony Vaio Tap 11, and Sharp's Mebius Pad, set to debut next year.
APPLE iPAD AIR
Apple reveals that it is only 1 pound, where it's 9.4 inches long, 6.6 inches wide, and .29 inches deep. There is also a cellular-enabled version, where it is compatible with all major US carriers.
SONY VAIO TAP 11The iPad Air features retina display with 2048x1536 resolution with 264 ppi, and fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating. It also runs on an A7 chip with a 64-bit architecture and M7 motion coprocessor. The front camera has 1.2 MP with 720p HD video, where the back camera takes 5MP photos. The battery is a built-in 32.4-watt-hour lithium polymer battery with up to 10 hours of consistent use, and a USB charger. It also operates on the new iOS7 system.
The iPad comes in gray and silver, the first time it has had color variants. It also ranges in 16, 32, 64, and 128 GB options, where the 16GB iPad starts at $499, where the Wi-Fi enabled 16 GB device starts at $629.
According to SlashGear, it is the thinnest full-Windows tablet around. The 12x7.4x.39-inch tablet weighs 1.7 lbs, slightly longer than the Surface Pro. However, it is thinner and lighter, but still slightly larger than the iPad 4 in length.
It features an 11.6-inch Full HD 1920x1080 IPS LCD touchscreen with Sony's TRILUMINOS Display. This offers a 10-point multitouch with rich blacks and vibrant colors, where viewing angles are good. It also has a digital stylus that uses N-Trig technology, which was featured in the VAIO Duo 11 from last year.
Engadget reports that the VAIO Tap 11 has a kickstand, USB port, pen-enabled display, and the thin keyboard attaches to the tablet magnetically. However, the keyboard doesn't cost extra with the VAIO Tap 11, where it does with the Surface Pro 2.
As for other specs, the battery lasts 5:14. It also has a 1.5GHz Intel Core i5 4210Y processor with a 4GBDDR3 SDRAM 2,600MHz memory. It features 1739MB Intel HD Graphics 4200 and 128GB SSD hard drive.
The VAIO Tap 11, according to Sony, is $999.99.
SHARP MEBIUS PAD
Sharp has just introduced its new Windows 8 tablet, the Mebius Pad at this week's CEATEC show in Japan, and from the looks of it, we want to get our hands on it ASAP.
Engadget reports that tablet has a 2,560x1,600 resolution display, much higher than the current 1080p Windows 8 tablets that are on the market today, including the Microsoft Surface 2, making it one of highest on the market.
It also has a 10.1-inch IGZO panel that isn't exactly known for its power, where it runs on Intel's Atom Z3370 SoC. However, it is also water and dust proof, with certifications pending for the IPX5, IPX7, and IP5X. You may also buy it with LTE radios in early 2014.
It will come with Windows 8.1 and Office on the high-resolution display, making this tab great for business use. An optional stylus is also available for purchase, another reason that it is very appealing for business professionals.
Techspot reports that there is no set release date, but it is expected to leave Japan's shores sometime early 2014. We'll watch out for this tablet, where it could very well be the Surface 2 Pro's next competition, especially if it is priced well.

The 64-bit A7 Chip and the iPad Air

Today in Apple: 64-bit A7 chip and the iPad Air. Plus: CNN thinks iPad sales are in decline, and Sculley wants Apple to ignore Icahn

The 64-bit A7 chip has been a big driver in iPhone 5S sales, and PCMag think it's really going to rock in the iPad Air.
For graphics, Anandtech found the A7 to contain a PowerVR G6430 GPU that supports OpenGL ES version 3.0, which Apple is claiming to be twice as fast as the prior generation iPad 4. We'll see when we get the two of them side by side, although we've already done plenty of benchmarking with the iPhone 5s and found it to be a stellar performer. And there's also a companion M7 coprocessor that handles sensor input, which frees up the A7 to do other tasks, or just rest and conserve battery life.
So what's the big deal about 64-bit architecture? For now, on tablets, it's a buzzword. But as new apps optimized for the A7 begin to appear, you'll see the rewards in performance. iOS 7 is already 64-bit-aware, and as a result will run more smoothly, with better multitasking, on the iPad Air and Air mini with Retina display.
Then there's content creation—that thing pundits claim is ill-suited for the tablet form factor, and that yet so many people are already doing on iPads anyway. Today, most creative professionals stick with desktop PCs for processing photos, HD video, 3D modeling, and 24-bit/192kHz audio tracks. But that could very well change, as 64-bit versions of video editing and audio recording apps gain the ability to run dozens of plug-ins and keep greater chunks of content in memory.
But the A7 enables the iPad to run console-quality games in a way no iOS device could before, with Infinity Blade III being the earliest example. And as the iPad's skyrocketing popularity as a gaming platform indicates, not everyone feels the way I do about hardware controls.
The comment about gaming is an understatement and a half. Mobile games are hugely popular on the iPad, they make up quite a lot of the Top Paid iPad Apps and the Top Grossing iPad apps. The A7 is likely to increase the popularity of games as they get better by taking advantage of the chip's capabilities.
See the screenshots below for a look at the Top Paid Apps and Top Grossing Apps for iPad. Note how many of them are games.

GITEX TECHNOLOGY WEEK 2013 is set to be the most internationally diverse edition of the show ever.

This year’s event has seen the number of international exhibitors increase by 26%, with a grand total of 61 countries present.
New participating countries at the thirty-third edition of the show include Official Country Sponsor Serbia; Belarus, Brazil, Finland, Kenya, Lithuania, Slovenia, Tunisia and Ukraine. Delegations of senior officials were also present from countries including Bahrain, Egypt, India, Jordan, Morocco, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Tatarstan, Tunisia and United Kingdom.
There was strong participation from the other countries of the GCC, with 500 businesses and organisations from Saudi Arabia in attendance; and more than 300 coming from each of Qatar and Kuwait.
The show also drew a good presence from many established exhibitor countries. France and Germany, both had more than 30 exhibitors on site, while the UK had 67 companies participating. South East Asia, meanwhile, accounted for 21 companies.
Many of the participating exhibitors drew strong support from the governments of their home countries. The Indian Pavilion was inaugurated by Sanjay Verma, Consul General of India. India has a strong presence at GITEX Technology Week, with thirty-six companies taking part under the aegis of India’s Electronics and Computer Software Export Promotion Council.
The Nigeria pavilion, part of an increasing involvement from African nations, was opened by Hon Omobola Johnson, Minister of Nigeria’s Ministry of Communication Technology.
DWTC’s Africa in Focus programme, now in its second year, once again contributed to a significant rise in attendees from Africa.
Trixie LohMirmand, Senior Vice President at Dubai World Trade Centre, says: “GITEX Technology Week is an all-encompassing and multi-faceted event that has always looked to engage the wider ICT community in a nuanced and constructive way. Year-on-year, we have improved our ability to attract and support international businesses, organisations and visitors, and we are proud to say that 2013 is one of our most internationally diverse shows yet.”

Finally Released: DMASOFTLAB RADIUS MANAGER BILLING SYSTEM v4.1


Finally Released: DMASOFTLAB RADIUS MANAGER BILLING SYSTEM v4.1


Source:  http://www.dmasoftlab.com/cont/revision

** v 4.1.0 ** 2013-10-23 **

NEW FEATURES:
-enhanced SMTP mailer with authentication and freely configurable port
-SMS alert indicating the account is going to expire
-support for BulkSMS HTTP->SMS gateway
-alert type is selectable in user preferences (ACP / UCP)
-enable traffic report per user in ACP even if global traffic report is disabled
-service change is allowed for Hotspot MAC accounts
-auto logout expired ACP sessions
-FreeRadius 2.2.0 support
-DOCSIS upstream SNR data in CM overview table
-DOCSIS upstream SNR is available for each CM
-CMTS upstream SNR monitoring
-Mikrotik Gigawords support added for NAS disconnection mode (PPP, Hotspot)
-NAS disconnection mode total traffic limits are supported (Hotspot)
-Paypal Express Checkout order summary is available
-PayFast payment gateway support (South Africa)
-separate checkbox for IAS SMS verification
-option for filtering duplicate email and mobile numbers in self registration and IAS purchase
-Hotspot MAC users can edit account details in UCP
-recover lost IAS password
-option in system settings to add new managers and NASs to all services or not
-custom text field on PDF cards (print online time, MB, expiration, other text)
-syslog record for all unix events and rmscheduler actions
-syslog event for sent SMS, email
-selectable user group in card generator module
-massmail select group option
-prepaid service details on invoice
-disable accounts due to expired contract (selectable option)
-user definable character set for card PIN codes and passwords
-find traffic data per NAS
-find traffic data per AP
-traffic summary per NAS
-traffic summary per AP
-bulk email supports UTF8
-bulk SMS with group support
-separate poller pause for MT API access (radiusmanager.cfg)
-log unsuccessful RADIUS authentications
-restart radiusd automatically when updating / deleting / editing any of NASs
-option to exclude zero priced invoices in postpaid batch billing
-option to exclude disabled accounts in postpaid batch billing
-welcome SMS for all account types (IAS, self registered, regular, Hotspot MAC, DOCSIS)
-filter registration date in list users view
-new registration method: mobile number is the user name, auto generated password is sent to cell phone
-UCP payment success shows a disconnect button if next service is active
-ACP record login failures
-filter activated / not activated classic prepaid cards
-notifications sent in user specific language
-selectable language per manager
-multi language password recovery form
-enhanced password recovery (user name is mandatory due to possible duplicate email addresses)
-configurable default sim-use value for self registered users
-user selectable views: list users, list online users, list online cm
-postpaid invoice status in edit user account overview
-disabled next service support (disabled ip pool etc.)
-multiple email address support per account
-show last logoff date in list users view (useful for finding inactive accounts)
-self reg email + SMS activation option
-captcha in self registration forms
-authorize.net extended currency support (USD, CAD, GBP, EUR)
-optimized rmscheduler.php with delayed disconnection to gain speed
-logging new self registered and IAS accounts
-quick last invoice overview (showing the last page first)
-added email address validation for UCP user edit, self registration, ACP registration, IAS purchase

BUGFIXES:
-sim-use is added to privileged fields
-account refill vulnerability fixed (UCP)
-user coordinate latitude / longitude fix
-rm_services cmcfg field size = 10240, enabling large tftp boot files
-entering privileged user data issue fixed in new user registration form
-carry over adds new credits to zero if the actual balance is negative
-duplicate PIN problem fixed when prefix is used
-generate card show own service only
-store new IAS mobile, email
-new user registration error fixed when apostrophe is used in service name
-rmacnt crash issue fixed
-list refill cards issue fixed
-dhcpd.conf file ownership issue fixed
-sim-use is no more editable when privileged data editing is disabled
-rmscheduler expired CM logout issue fixed
-store email, mobile number in IAS purchase
-ACP edit user restricted mode: disable CPE address fields
-added missing index parameter to 2CheckOut review cart
-self registration upper case user name problem fixed
-dhcpd.conf access mutex problem fixed
-blank password fix for regular and Hotspot MAC accounts
-ACP refill negative balance vulnerability fixed
-PayPal Payments Pro order total price higher than 1000 issue fixed
-scheduled service changes next page problem fixed
-language cookie path traversal vulnerability fixed
-UCP service change vulnerability fixed
-accidental authorize.net double charge issue fixed
-cancel monthly invoice even if it is active (negative amount is allowed)
-ACP / edit IAS grouped thousands price issue fixed
-online payment submit button issue fixed (Chrome issue)
-duplicate accounting issue fixed
-special periods connection problem fixed